A Victory, But Little Is Gained
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¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Â ½Â¸®
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By ´ë¸± ÇÁ·¹½º, º¥ÀڹΠ¹ß·»Æ¼³ë
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Published: November 17, 2004
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Hanover, N.H. The textbook urban assault on Falluja reflected well on the dedication, training and equipment of the American military. Unfortunately, it has not brought the United States appreciably closer to achieving its political objectives in Iraq. In fact, history suggests that America has slim hopes of defeating the insurgency, and that our best chance for "success" depends on redefining what we would consider a victory.
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textbook urban assault; ±³°ú¼Àû µµ½Ã°ø°Ý
reflect on; ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Ù, ³ªÅ¸³» ÁÖ´Ù
insurgency; ¸ð¹Ý, Æøµ¿, ¹Ý¶õ; À̶óÅ©¿¡¼ ½Î¿ì´Â À̶óÅ©ÀÎ µéÀ» Æøµµ³ª ¹Ý¶õÀÚµé·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý°¢µÇÁö¸¸ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ð·ÐÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸»À» ±×´ë·Î ¹ø¿ªÇØ º»´Ù.
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±³°ú¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÈ ÆÈ·çÀÚ °ø°ÝÀº ¹Ì±ºÀÇ Çå½Å°ú ÈÆ·Ã°ú ÀåºñµéÀ» Àß º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ, ÀÌ °ø°ÝÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹Ì±¹Àº À̶óÅ©¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ñÀûÀ» ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô¶óµµ ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â, ¿ª»ç¿¡ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§ ¹Ì±¹Àº ÀÌ ¹Ý±ºµéÀ» ÆÐÅð½Ãų °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ Èñ¹ÚÇÏ¸ç ¡°¼º°ø¡±ÀÇ °¡Àå È®½ÇÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ½Â¸®¶ó °£ÁÖÇϴ°¡¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â µ¥ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù.
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American troops killed as many as 1,000 insurgents in Falluja and seized stocks of weapons and ammunition. But neither guns nor dedicated fighters are scarce in Iraq. The Pentagon estimates the number of hard-core enemy fighters to be roughly 10,000 (20,000 if active sympathizers and covert accomplices are included). And Iraq is awash in assault rifles, ammunition, rocket-propelled grenades and explosives - the lifeblood of insurgency. Most troubling, the guerrillas enjoy support from a sizable fraction of the population in the Sunni heartland.
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seize; ºÙÀâ´Ù, üÆ÷ÇÏ´Ù, »©¾Ñ´Ù
hard-core; Áß½ÉÀÌ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ Áï °ñ¼ö
covert; Àº¹ÐÇÑ Áï cover°¡ µÈ, ¹Ý´ë¸»·Î´Â overt°¡ ÀÖ´Ù
awash; ³ÑÃijª´Ù, °¡µæÇÏ´Ù
sizable fraction; »çÀÌÁî°¡ µÉ ¸¸ÇÑ Áï ÀûÁö ¾ÊÀº, »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐ
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¹Ì±ºÀº ÆÈ·çÀÚ¿¡¼ ¸¹°Ô´Â 1,000¸í±îÁöÀÇ ¹Ý±ºµéÀ» »ç»ìÇßÀ¸¸ç ´Ù·®ÀÇ ¹«±â¿Í ½ÇźµéÀ» ³ëȹÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̶óÅ©¿¡¼ ÃÑÀ̳ª Á×À½À» °¢¿ÀÇÑ ÀüÅõ¿øµéÀº ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±¹¹æ¼ºÀº °ñ¼öÀÎ Àû ÀüÅõ¿øµéÀÌ ¾î¸²Àâ¾Æ 10,000¸íÂë (µ¿Á¶ÀÚµé°ú ºñ¹Ð½º·´°Ô ÇùÁ¶ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϸé 20,000¸í Á¤µµ) µÈ´Ù Ãß»êÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̶óÅ©¿¡´Â ¹Ý±ºµéÀÇ »ý¸íÁÙÀÎ ÃѰú ½Çź°ú ·ÎÄÏÃßÁø ÆøÅº°ú Æø¹ß¹°µé·Î ³ÑÃij´Ù. °¡Àå °ñÄ¡°¡ ¾ÆÇ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ¼ö´ÏÆÄµé Áß½ÉÁö¿¡¼ ÀûÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹ÎÁßµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Áö¿øÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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While major operations like the attack on Falluja create the appearance of progress, over the last 60 years major powers have learned repeatedly that there is virtually no connection between seizing territory and defeating an insurgency. Insurgents do not seek victory on the battlefield.
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ÆÈ·çÀÚ °ø°Ý°ú °°Àº ÁÖ¿ä ÀÛÀüµéÀÌ ¿Ü¾ç»óÀÇ ÁøÀüÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÑ °Í °°Áö¸¸, Áö³ 60¿© ³â °£ °´ë±¹µéÀº ¿µÅ並 Á¡·ÉÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¹Ý¶õÀ» ÆÐÅð½ÃŰ´Â °Í »çÀÌ¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Ýº¹Çؼ Å͵æÇß´Ù. ¹Ý±ºµéÀº ÀüÀåÅÍ¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Â¸®¸¦ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
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The first rule of insurgency is to avoid large-scale battles with the government; guerrillas attack on their own timetable against civilians and isolated military units. Shrewd insurgents concede territory, melt away when enemy units approach in force, and then snipe, kidnap and bomb from the shadows. It was no surprise that the insurgents started isolated actions in Mosul, Samarra and other cities as soon as the attack on Falluja began.
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¹Ý¶õÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ¹ýÄ¢Àº Á¤ºÎ¿ÍÀÇ ´ë±Ô¸ð ÀüÅõ¸¦ ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ °èȹǥ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹Î°£Àεé°ú °í¸³µÈ ´ÜÀ§ºÎ´ëµéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÑ´Ù. ¿µ¸®ÇÑ ¹Ý±ºµéÀº ÀûµéÀÌ ´ë±Ô¸ð·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿Ã ¶§ ¿µÅ並 Æ÷±âÇÏ°í ½º·¯Á® ¾ø¾îÁ³´Ù°¡ ±×¸²ÀÚ µÚ¿¡ ¼û¾î Àú°Ý, ³³Ä¡ ÆøÆÄ µîÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÈ·çÀÚÀÇ °ø°ÝÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÇÀÚ ¹Ý±ºµéÀÌ ¸ð¼ú, »ç¸¶¶ó ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ µµ½Ãµé¿¡¼ µ¶¸³Àû Ȱµ¿µéÀ» º¸ÀÎ °ÍÀº ³î¶øÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
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If seizing cities was the key to success in a counterinsurgency, one might have expected a French victory after the battle of Algiers in 1957, an American victory after the defeat of North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces in Hue in 1968, and a Russian victory over the Chechens after the retaking of Grozny in 1995. Instead, the French and Americans lost, and the war in Chechnya drags on.
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¸¸¾à µµ½ÃµéÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ý¶õ Áø¾ÐÀÇ ¼º°ø¿¼è¶ó¸é 1957³â ¾ËÁ¦¸®¿¡¼ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ½Â¸®, 1968³â ÈÄ¿¡Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ºÏºÎ¿ù¸Í±º°ú º£Æ®ÄáÀ» ÆÐÅð½ÃŲ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ½Â¸®, 1995³â ±×·ÎÁî´Ï¸¦ ÀçŻȯÇÏ°í ³ª¼ üþ¿¡°Ô ¾ò¾ú´ø ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ½Â¸®µéÀ» »ó±âÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í ¹Ì±¹Àº ÆÐ¹èÇßÀ¸¸ç üÃ÷´Ï¾ÆÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº ÁúÁú ²ø°í ÀÖ´Ù.
As T. E. Lawrence famously described it, fighting rebels is "like eating soup with a knife." Guerrillas do not depend on vulnerable lines of supply and communication, so counterinsurgents must target them directly, and even a few thousand armed guerrillas can create chaos in a country of tens of millions. Guerrillas camouflage themselves among the population; frequently the only way to distinguish an insurgent from a civilian is when he (or she) opens fire.
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T.E. ·Î·»¾²°¡ Àß ±â¼úÇÑ °Íó·³ ¹Ý±ºµé°ú ½Î¿ì´Â °ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¡°±¹¹°À» Ä®·Î ¸ÔÀ¸·Á´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù¡±. °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ±ÍÁßÇÑ °ø±Þ¼±À̳ª Åë½Å¸Á¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ý¶õÁø¾Ð±ºµéÀº À̵éÀ» Á÷Á¢ °ø°Ý¸ñÇ¥·Î »ï¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ°í µû¶ó¼ ¼ö õ¸íÀÇ ¹«Àå °Ô¸±¶ó°¡ Àα¸ ¼öõ ¸¸ ¸íÀ̳ª µÇ´Â ³ª¶ó¿¡ È¥¶õÀ» ¾ß±â½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ¹ÎÁßµé »çÀÌ¿¡ À§ÀåÀ» ÇÑ´Ù; Áï, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× (ȤÀº ±×³à)°¡ ÃÑÀ» ½î¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ ¹Ý±º°ú ½Ã¹ÎÀ» ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÈçÇÏ°Ô ÀÖ´Ù.
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This is why the history of counterinsurgency warfare is a tale of failure. Since World War II, powerful armies have fought seven major counterinsurgency wars: France in Indochina from 1945 to 1954, the British in Malaya from 1948 to 1960, the French in Algeria in the 1950's, the United States in Vietnam, the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, Israel in the occupied territories and Russia in Chechnya. Of these seven, four were outright failures, two grind on with little hope of success, and only one - the British effort in Malaya - was a clear success.
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À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¹Ý±ºÁø¾Ð ÀüÀïÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ½ÇÆÐÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. Á¦ 2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ·Î °´ë±¹ ±º´ëµéÀº Àϰö ¹øÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹Ý±ºÁø¾Ð ÀüÀïÀ» Çß´Ù: 1945 ³âºÎÅÍ 1954 ±îÁö ÀεµÂ÷À̳ª¿¡¼ ÇÁ¶û½º, 1948³â¿¡¼ 1960³â±îÁö ¸»·¹À̾߿¡¼ ¿µ±¹, 1950³â´ë ¾ËÁ¦¸®¾Æ¿¡¼ÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º, º£Æ®³²¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹Ì±¹, ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼Ò·Ã, Á¡·ÉÁö¿ª ¾È¿¡¼ À̽º¶ó¿¤ ±×¸®°í üÃ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÌ´Ù. 7°³ Áß¿¡¼ 4°³´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ½ÇÆÐÀ̸ç, 2°³´Â º°·Î Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ¾ø´Â °¡¿îµ¥ °íÅ뽺·´°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °æ¿ì ¸»·¹À̾ƿ¡¼ÀÇ ¿µ±¹¸¸ÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ¼º°ø»ç·ÊÀÌ´Ù.
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Many counterinsurgency theorists have tried to model operations on the British effort in Malaya, particularly the emphasis on winning hearts and minds of the local population through public improvements. They have not succeeded. Victory in Malaysia, it appears in retrospect, had less to do with British tactical innovations than with the weaknesses and isolation of the insurgents. The guerrillas were not ethnic Malays; they were recruited almost exclusively from an isolated group of Chinese refugees. The guerrillas never gained the support of a sizable share of the Malaysians. Nevertheless, it took the British 12 years to defeat them, and London ended up granting independence to the colony in the midst of the rebellion.
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¸¹Àº ¹Ý¶õ´ëÃ¥ À̷а¡µéÀÌ ¸»·¹À̾߿¡¼ ÇàÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇØ¼ ÀÛÀüÀÇ ¸ðµ¨À» ¸¸µé¾î º¸·Á ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ °ø°ø °³¼±À» ÅëÇÑ Áö¿ª ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú Á¤¼¸¦ »ç·ÎÀâ´Âµ¥ °Á¶¸¦ ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ±× ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹àÇôÁø ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¸»·¹À̽þƿ¡¼ÀÇ ½Â¸®´Â ¿µ±¹±º Àü·«ÀÇ Çõ½Åº¸´Ù´Â ¹Ý±ºµéÀÌ ¾àÇØÁö°í °í¸³µÈ µ¥ ±× ¿øÀÎÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ÀÎÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»·¹ÀÌÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù; Áï, ±×µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ °í¸³µÈ Áß±¹ÀÎ Çdz¹Îµé Áß¿¡¼ ¸ðÁýµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× °Ô¸±¶óµéÀº ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¸»·¹½Ã¾ÆÀεé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¿µ±¹ÀÌ À̵éÀ» Áø¾ÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â 12³âÀÌ °É·Á¾ß Çß°í ÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀÇ ¿ÍÁß¿¡ ·±´ø Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ µ¶¸³À» Çã¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß¾ú´Ù.
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Paradoxically, it is only some weaker countries that have succeeded in suppressing rebellions, albeit by unleashing tremendous brutality against the civilian population. This is the approach that Guatemala adopted in the late 1970's and early 1980's to crush a growing communist insurgency in the countryside. Villages were wiped out in a campaign that killed about 200,000 people and made an equal number refugees. Hafez al-Assad of Syria succeeded with a similarly murderous approach when he crushed the Muslim Brotherhood rebellion in 1982, as did Saddam Hussein when he defeated the Shiite uprising in southern Iraq after the Persian Gulf war in 1991.
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¿ª¼³ÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, ¹Ý¶õÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϴµ¥ ¼º°øÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀº ¸î ¸î ¾àÇÑ ±¹°¡µé »ÓÀ̾ú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ÎÁߵ鿡°Ô ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ°Ô ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °¡ÇÏ°í ¾ò¾îÁø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î 1970³â´ë¿Í 1980³â´ë Áö¹æ¿¡¼ ÀϾ¼ È®´ëµÇ´ø °ø»ê ¹Ý¶õÀ» ºÐ¼âÇϱâ À§ÇØ °úÅ׸»¶ó°¡ ä¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. 200,000¸¸ ¸íÀ̳ª Á×°í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ ³¹ÎÀÌ »ý±ä ÀÛÀüÀÇ ¿ÍÁß¿¡ ¸¶À»µéÀº ½Î±×¸® ¾ø¾îÁ³´Ù. ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÇÏÆäÁî ¾Ë »ç´Ùµå´Â 1982³â ¹«½½¸² ÇüÁ¦´ÜÀÇ ¹Ý¶õÀ» ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ÀÜȤÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í Áø¾Ð¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1991³â °ÉÇÁÀüÀï ÀÌÈÄ ³²ºÎ À̶óÅ©¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Ã¾ÆÆÄ ¹Ý¶õÀ» »ç´ã Èļ¼Àεµ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Áø¾ÐÇß´Ù.
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America, of course, is not willing to contemplate this level of violence in Iraq. Furthermore, even unrestrained brutality does not guarantee success. The Soviet Union killed more than a million people in Afghanistan, but never broke the will of the insurgents.
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¹°·Ð ¹Ì±¹Àº À̶óÅ© ³»¿¡¼ ÀÌ Á¤µµÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» °í·ÁÇϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Á¦¾îµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Æø·ÂÁ¶Â÷µµ ¼º°øÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò·ÃÀº ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº¿¡¼ ¹é ¸¸ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç¶÷À» Á׿´Áö¸¸ ¹Ý±ºÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ ÀüÇô ¾àȽÃŰÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
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Some will insist that the American commanders have a more refined strategy for defeating the insurgency in Iraq. They plan to rely increasingly on Iraqi forces, trained by our military, who will have greater legitimacy with the population and whose knowledge of the language, culture and terrain will allow them to do a better job policing the country.
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ȤÀÚ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁöÈÖ°üµéÀº À̶óÅ©¿¡¼ ¹Ý¶õÀ» ÆÐÅð½Ãų º¸´Ù Àß ¸¶¹«¸®µÈ Àü·«À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù ÁÖÀåÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹Ì±º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ À̶óÅ© ±º¿¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ·Á Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº ÁÖ¹Îµé »çÀÌ¿¡ º¸´Ù ³ºÀº Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¾ð¾î ¹× ¹®È ±×¸®°í Áö¿ª dzÅä¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ³ª¶óÀÇ Ä¡¾È¾÷¹«¸¦ ÈξÀ ´õ Àß ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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There is logic to this approach, but it is not new. Hundreds of thousands of local troops fought alongside the French in Algeria and Indochina. The Soviets set up a puppet government in Afghanistan. And, of course, the American policy of "Vietnamization" did not prevent the collapse of the South Vietnamese government after United States forces withdrew from the country. In all of these cases, the local forces were corrupt and inefficient and had dubious loyalty to the occupier. Do we really expect more from the weak government in Baghdad?
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ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ý¿¡´Â ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ÀüÇô »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀεµÂ÷À̳ª¿¡¼ ¼ö½Ê ¸¸ ¸íÀÇ Áö¿ª ±ºÀεéÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º±ºÀ» µµ¿ì¸ç °°ÀÌ ½Î¿ü¾ú´Ù. ¼Ò·ÃÀº ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº¿¡ ²ÀµÎ°¢½Ã Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¼¼¿ü¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í µÎ¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䵵 ¾øÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¡°º£Æ®³²È Á¤Ã¥¡±¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀÌ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ Ã¶¼öÇÑ µÚ ³²ºÎ º£Æ®³²Á¤ºÎ°¡ ºØ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °æ¿ì¿¡ Áö¿ª ±º´ë´Â ºÎÆÐÇß°í È¿°úÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸¸ç Á¡·ÉÀڵ鿡°Ô È®½ÇÇÑ Ãæ¼º½ÉÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇß¾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÁøÁ¤ ¹Ù±×´ÙµåÀÇ À¯¾àÇÑ Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ¾ò±â¸¦ ¿øÇϴ°¡?
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As long as the insurgency rages, it is unlikely that America will achieve the political goals it set for itself - a unified, democratic Iraq as the first building block in the broader democratization of the Middle East. In fact, we must now worry about the emergence of an Iraqi government dominated by anti-Western jihadist groups, or a perpetual civil war among the Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish communities that will kill millions and create fertile ground for terrorist groups like Al Qaeda to recruit, train and plan.
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ÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀÌ ¸ÍÀ§¸¦ ¶³Ä¡´Â ÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¼¼¿ö³õÀº Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Èñ¹ÚÇÏ´Ù. ±× Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸ñÇ¥¶õ Áßµ¿Áö¿ª ù ¹øÂ°ÀÇ º»º¸±â°¡ µÇ´Â ÅëÇÕµÇ°í ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ À̶óÅ©ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â, ¿ì¸®´Â ¼¾ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ÁöÇϵå ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÁÂÁö¿ìÁöµÇ´Â À̶óÅ© Á¤ºÎ°¡ »ý°Ü³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î ¿°·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ȤÀº ¼ö´ÏÆÄ¿Í ½Ã¾ÆÆÄ ±×¸®°í Äí¸£µåÁ·µé°£¿¡ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í ¾ËÄ«¿¡´Ù °°Àº Å×·¯ºÐÀÚµéÀÌ ´ë¿øµéÀ» ¸ðÁýÇϰí ÈÆ·Ã½ÃŰ¸ç °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ì´Âµ¥ ´õÇÒ ³ªÀ§ ¾øÀÌ ºñ¿ÁÇÑ Åä¾çÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿µ¼ÓµÇ´Â ³»ÀüÀÌ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿°·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
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Given these horrific possibilities, perhaps we should set our goals more realistically, and focus on the achievable. Some have suggested that we let Iraq divide itself into independent Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish countries. This might avert a prolonged, violent struggle for control of the central government after the United States withdraws. Still, history - most recently that of Yugoslavia - suggests that partition is a risky, bloody business. Millions of people would be forced from their homes, and many would not leave without a fight. Furthermore, the mini-countries carved out of Iraq may be swallowed by their larger neighbors; the Shiite area would be very attractive to Iran.
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A second distasteful alternative is to support the consolidation of power in the hands of a new secular strongman. This may bring peace of a sort, but it would be a bitter result for the Iraqi people after their brief taste of freedom. Saddam Hussein was able to keep his politically, ethnically and religiously divided state together only through nearly constant repression; it seems unlikely that any successor could rule with a velvet glove.
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These are depressing prospects. The fact that we must consider them underscores the caution that should be employed before deciding to go to war. Still, given where we stand today, if the United States can find a way to withdraw most of its troops over the next several years and leave behind an Iraq that is not in a civil war, that is not a haven for Al Qaeda and is not an immediate threat to its neighbors, history may well record it as an odds-defying success.
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