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September 27, 2006

D'Aquino, Convicted as Tokyo Rose, Dies at 90

By ¸®Ã­µå °ñµå½ºÅ¸ÀÎ

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Iva Toguri D'Aquino, the Japanese-American convicted of treason in 1949 for broadcasting propaganda from Japan to United States servicemen during World War II as the seductive but sinister Tokyo Rose, died Tuesday in Chicago. She was 90.

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Her death, at a Chicago hospital, was confirmed by a nephew, William Toguri, who said only that Mrs. D'Aquino had died of natural causes, The Associated Press reported.

½ÃÄ«°í º´¿ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×³àÀÇ Á×À½Àº Á¶Ä«ÀÎ Àª¸®¾Ï Å䱸¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ È®ÁõµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±×´Â ´ÜÁö µå ¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀÇ Á×À½ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀο¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í¸¸ ¸»Çß´Ù°í AP Åë½ÅÀÌ º¸µµÇß´Ù.

Tokyo Rose was a mythical figure. The persona, its origin murky, had been bestowed by American servicemen collectively on a dozen or so women who broadcast for Radio Tokyo, telling soldiers, sailors and marines in the Pacific that their cause was lost and that their sweethearts back home were betraying them.

"µµÄì ·Î½º"´Â °¡°øÀÇ Á¸Àç¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¸íĪÀº ¶óµð¿À µµÄì¿¡¼­ ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡ ÀÖ´ø À°±º, ÇØ±º, ÇØº´´ë º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ½Î¿ï ¸íºÐÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç °íÇâ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ³»³ª ¾ÖÀεéÀÌ ºÎÁ¤À» ÀúÁö¸£°íÀÖ´Ù°í ¹æ¼ÛÀ» ÇÏ´ø 10¿©¸íÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀ» ±ºÀεéÀÌ ÅëÄªÇØ¼­ ºÎ¸£´ø ¸»·Î ±× ½ÃÀÛÀº ºÒºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù.

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The broadcasts did nothing to dim American morale. The servicemen enjoyed the recordings of American popular music, and the United States Navy bestowed a satirical citation on Tokyo Rose at war's end for her entertainment value. But the identity of Tokyo Rose became attached to Mrs. D'Aquino, a native of Southern California and the only woman broadcasting for Radio Tokyo known to be an American citizen. She emerged as an infamous figure in a rare treason trial. Convicted by a federal jury in San Francisco on one of eight vaguely worded counts, she was sentenced to 10 years in prison and a $10,000 fine. She served 6 years and 2 months, then lived quietly in Chicago, running a family gift shop. On Jan. 19, 1977, she was pardoned, without comment, by President Gerald R. Ford on his last full day in office, and her citizenship was restored.

±× ¹æ¼ÛÀº ¹Ì±ºº´»çµéÀÇ »ç±â¸¦ ÀüÇô ²©Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. º¹¹« º´»çµéÀº ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ¹Ì±¹ À¯Çà°¡¸¦ Áñ°å°í ¹Ì ÇØ±ºÀº ÀüÀï ¸»±â ±×³à°¡ °¡Áö°íÀÖ´Â ¿À¶ôÀû °¡Ä¡¸¦ ³ôÀÌ »ç "µµÄì ·ÎÁî"¿¡°Ô dzÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ǥâÀåÀ» ¼ö¿©Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ µµÄì ·ÎÁî¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀº ³²Ä¶¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Å»ýÀÌ¸ç ¶óµð¿À µµÄì¿¡¼­ ¹æ¼ÛÀ» Çß´ø »ç¶÷µé Áß À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø µå ¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀο¡°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â Èñ±ÍÇß´ø Àü¹üÀçÆÇ¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ¾Ç¸íÀÌ ³ôÀº »ç¶÷À¸·Î ºÎ»óÇß´Ù. »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚÀÇ ¿¬¹æ¹ý¿ø¿¡¼­ 8°³ÀÇ ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ±â¼ÒÇ׸ñÁß 1°³¿¡¼­ À¯Á˰¡ È®Á¤µÈ ±×³à¿¡°Ô 10³âÀÇ Çü°ú 10,000 ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¹ú±ÝÀÌ ¼±°íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â 6³â 2°³¿ùÀ» º¹¿ªÇϰí´Â °¡Á·ÀÌ °æ¿µÇÏ´Â ¼±¹°°¡°Ô¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏ¸ç ½ÃÄ«°í¿¡¼­ Á¶¿ëÈ÷ »ì¾Ò´Ù. 1977³â 1¿ù ±×³à´Â Á¦¶öµå R. Æ÷µå ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ Àӱ⠸¶Áö¸· ³¯ »ç¸éÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í ±×³àÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀÌ È¸º¹µÇ¾ú´Ù.

"A mere wartime myth, Tokyo Rose was to become a disgrace to American justice," Edwin O. Reischauer, the American Ambassador to Japan from 1961 to 1966 and a scholar at Harvard specializing in East Asian affairs, wrote in his introduction to "Tokyo Rose: Orphan of the Pacific," by Masayo Duus. (Kodansha International, 1979)

1961³â ºÎÅÍ 1966³â ±îÁö ÀçÀϺ» ¹Ì±¹´ë»ç¿´À¸¸ç ÇϹöµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¹®Á¦ Àü¹®°¡ÀÎ ¿¡µåÀ© O ¶óÀÌ»þ¿ö´Â "ÀüÀï±â°£ÁßÀÇ °¡°øÀι°ÀÎ µµÄì ·ÎÁî´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¹ýüÁ¦ÀÇ ¿À¸íÀÌ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù" ¶ó°í ¸¶»ç¿ä µà½º Ã¥ "µµÄì ·Î½º: ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ °í¾Æ"ÀÇ ¼Ò°³¹®¿¡ ¾²°íÀÖ´Ù.(°í´Ü»þ, 1979)

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The treason charges, Mr. Reischauer wrote, were "egged on by a public still much under the influence of traditional racial prejudices and far from free of the anti-Japanese hatreds of the recent war."

¶óÀÌ»þ¿ö¾¾´Â "±× ¹Ý¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¼Ò´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÀÎÁ¾Àû Æí°ß ¿µÇâÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÃÖ±Ù ÀüÀï ÈÄ ¹ÝÀϺ» °¨Á¤¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¸øÇß´ø ÀϹÝÀϵéÀÇ (´Þ°¿À» ´øÁ®´ë´Â) ¼±µ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù."

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Iva Ikuko Toguri was born in Los Angeles on the Fourth of July 1916, a daughter of Japanese immigrants who owned a grocery store. She graduated from U.C.L.A. in 1940 with a degree in zoology, hoping to become a physician.

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¾ÆÀ̹٠À̲ٲ¿ Å䱸¸®´Â 1916³â 7¿ù 4ÀÏ (µ¶¸³±â³äÀÏ) ·Î½º¾ÈÁ©·¹½º¿¡¼­ ÀâÈ­»óÀ» °æ¿µÇÏ´ø ÀϺ»°è À̹ÎÀÚÀÇ µþ·Î ž´Ù. ±×³à´Â 1940³â UCLA¿¡¼­ µ¿¹°ÇÐ ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ°í Á¹¾÷ÇßÀ¸¸ç Àǻ簡 µÇ±â¸¦ ¿øÇß´Ù.

In the summer of 1941, she visited an ailing aunt in Tokyo at the request of her mother. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, she was stranded in Tokyo, knowing virtually no Japanese, deprived of a food ration card by the authorities after refusing to become a Japanese citizen and hard-pressed to find work.

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In 1942, she obtained a job with Japan's Domei news agency, monitoring American military broadcasts, and late in 1943 she became an announcer and disc jockey for Radio Tokyo's propaganda broadcasts, playing American musical recordings on the "Zero Hour" program beamed to American servicemen. She called herself "Ann" or "Orphan Ann," short for announcer and a play on the Orphan Annie character.

1942³â, ±×³à´Â ÀϺ»ÀÇ µ¿¸í Åë½Å»ç¿¡¼­ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ°í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹æ¼ÛÀ» ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇßÀ¸¸ç 1943³â Èı⠶óµð¿À µµÄìÀÇ ¼±Àü¼±µ¿ ¹æ¼Û¿¡ ¾Æ³ª¿î¼­ ¹× µð½ºÅ© Àð۰¡ µÇ¾î ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ º´»çµéÀ» ÇâÇØ ¹æ¼ÛµÇ´ø "¿µ½Ã" (¿µ½ÃÀÇ ´ÙÀ̾óÀÌ È¤½Ã ¿©±â¼­ µû¿Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ò±î? ¤¾ ¤¾ ¤¾) ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ À½¾ÇÀ» ¹æ¼ÛÇß´Ù. ±×³à´Â ¾Æ³ª¿î¼­¿Í °í¾Æ ¾Ö´ÏÀÇ µîÀåÀι° À̸§À» ÁÙ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀ» "¾È" ȤÀº "°í¾Æ ¾È"À̶ó ºÒ·¶´Ù.

While continuing to work for Radio Tokyo in 1945, she married Felipe D'Aquino, a Domei news agency employee with Portuguese citizenship but Japanese ancestry.

¶óµð¿À µµÄì¿¡¼­ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´ø Áß 1945³â ±×´Â ÀϺ»°è Á¶»óÀ» °¡Áø Æ÷·çÅõ°¥ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀÚÀÎ µ¿¸í Åë½Å»çÀÇ Á÷¿ø Æç¸®Æä µå¾ÆÄû³ë¿Í °áÈ¥À» Çß´Ù.

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When the war ended, several American reporters learned of Mrs. D'Aquino's broadcasts and interviewed her in Japan. She said that she was Tokyo Rose, evidently presuming that no great notoriety would be attached to that and perhaps hoping to embellish an intriguing story for American readers, having been paid for her account in a magazine article. She subsequently denied ever having called herself Tokyo Rose in her broadcasts, and no evidence was produced to the contrary.

ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡ÀÌ ³µÀ» ¶§ ¹Ì±¹ ±âÀÚ ¿©·¯¸íÀÌ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀÇ ¹æ¼Û¿¡ °üÇØ µé¾ú°í ÀϺ»¿¡¼­ ±×³à¿Í ÀÎÅͺ並 Çß´Ù. ±×³à´Â ±× ¸íĪÀÌ ±×¸® Å« ¾Ç¸íÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ê±â¸¦ ½ÇÀº ÀâÁö ±â»ç¿¡ µ·À» ÁöºÒÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô Èï¹Ì¸¦ ´õ ÇØÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ µµÄì ·ÎÁî¶ó°í ¸»À»Çß´Ù. ±×³à´Â ±× ÈÄ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ¼Û¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µµÄì ·ÎÁî¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ºÎÁ¤À» Çß°í À̸¦ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Áõ°Å°¡ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

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As an outgrowth of the publicity, Mrs. D'Aquino was arrested and questioned by American military occupation authorities and the F.B.I. The United Press quoted her at the time as saying, "I didn't think I was doing anything disloyal to America."

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¿©·ÐÀÌ µé²ú°Ô µÇÀÚ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀº ¹Ì ±ºÁ¤°ú FBI¿¡ ÀÇÇØ üÆ÷µÇ°í ½É¹®À» ¹Þ°ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã À¯³ªÀÌÆ¼µå Åë½ÅÀº ±×³àÀÇ ¸»À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀοëÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. "³ª´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒÃæ¼ºÇÑ ÀÏÀ» Çß´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù."

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In the fall of 1946, Mrs. D'Aquino was released from custody in Japan after the Army and the Justice Department concluded that there were no grounds for prosecuting her. But the Justice Department reopened the case in 1948. Loyalty issues were becoming a national political flashpoint, although mainly in the context of the Cold War, and the American Legion and the powerful columnist and broadcaster Walter Winchell had spoken out against Mrs. D'Aquino.

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±º°ú ¹ý¹«ºÎ°¡ ±×³à¸¦ ±â¼ÒÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸° ÈÄ µå¾ÆÅ°³ë ºÎÀÎÀº 1946³â °¡À» ±¸¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¼®¹æÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ 1948³â ¹ý¹«ºÎ´Â ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀ» Àç½É»çÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ³ÃÀüÀÇ ±¸µµÇÏ¿¡¼­ Ãæ¼º½ÉÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ÀïÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä­ ·¹Áö¾ð°ú ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÖ´Â Ä÷³´Ï½ºÆ®ÀÌ¸ç ¹æ¼ÛÀÎÀÎ ¿ùÅÍ À©Ã¿ÀÌ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀ» °ø°ø¿¬È÷ ºñ³­Çß´Ù.

Mrs. D'Aquino, who had unsuccessfully sought permission from American authorities to return to California, was arrested on charges of treason, transported to San Francisco, held in a county jail for a year, then put on trial in 1949.

͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ Á¤ºÎ´ç±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ÅÀýÀÌ µÇ¾ú´ø µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀº ¹Ý¿ªÇøÀǷΠüÆ÷µÇ¾î »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ·Î ¾Ð¼ÛµÇ¾ú°í Áö¹æ Çü¹«¼Ò¿¡ 1³â°£ ±¸·ùµÈ ÈÄ 1949³â¿¡ ±â¼ÒµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Treason, the only crime outlined in detail in the Constitution, is defined as "levying war" against the United States or giving "aid and comfort" to its enemies. A defendant may be convicted only "on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court."

À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Çå¹ý¿¡ ¸í½ÃµÇ¾îÀÖ´Â ¹üÁËÀÎ ¹Ý¿ªÀº ¹ÌÇÕÁß±¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ "ÀüÀïÀ» ½ÃÀÛ" Çϰųª ÀÌÀÇ ÀûµéÀ» "µµ¿ó°í ¾È¶ôÇϰÔ" ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀǵǾîÀÖ´Ù. ÇǼÒÀÚ´Â "µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸í¹éÇÑ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇØ µÎ ¸íÀÇ Áõ¾ð ȤÀº °ø°³ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÚ¹é"¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯ÁËÆÇ°áÀ» ¹Þ°ÔµÈ´Ù.

Up to the end of World War II, there had only been some 30 treason cases in United States history. When Mrs. D'Aquino went on trial, five Americans had been convicted of treason for actions in the war, four having broadcast for Nazi Germany, most notably Millard Gillars, known as Axis Sally.

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Tom DeWolfe, a special assistant attorney general, told the jury that Mrs. D'Aquino had engaged in "nefarious propagandistic broadcasts" without being under duress. Former supervisors for Radio Tokyo testified that she had made propaganda broadcasts willingly, and a few broadcast tapes were played for the jury, though none were identified as containing Mrs. D'Aquino's voice.

Testifying at the 12-week trial, Mrs. D'Aquino denied that she had ever made any disloyal statements on Radio Tokyo. She was supported in testimony from former Allied prisoners of war who had worked in the Japanese broadcasting operation. In a statement that she had given to the F.B.I. in Japan and that was entered in the court record, she said that she had sought to reduce the programs' effectiveness as propaganda by inserting double meanings in some of her broadcasts.

¹ý¹«ºÎ Ưº°Â÷°üº¸ÀΠŽ µð¿ùÇÁ´Â µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀÌ °­¾ÐÀÌ ¾øÀÌ "¹«¼öÇÑ ¼±Àü¼±µ¿ ¹æ¼Û"À» Çß´Ù°í ¹è½É¿øµé¿¢ ¸»À» Çß´Ù. ¶óµð¿À µµÄìÀÇ Àü »ó±ÞÀڵ鵵 ±×³à°¡ ¼±Àü¼±µ¿ ¹æ¼ÛÀ» ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦ÀÛÇß´Ù°í Áõ¾ðÇßÀ¸¸ç ¸î ¸îÀÇ Å×ÀÌÇÁµéÀÌ ¹è½É¿øµé¿¡°Ô µé·ÁÁ³Áö¸¸ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¶ó°í È®ÀÎµÈ °ÍÀº Çϳªµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 12ÁÖ µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÈ °øÆÇ Áø¼ú¿¡¼­ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀº ¶óµð¿À µµÄì¿¡¼­ ±×³à°¡ ºÒÃæ¼ºÇÑ ¹ß¾ðÀ» ÇÑÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ºÎÀÎÇß´Ù. ÀϺ» ¹æ¼Ó±¹¿¡¼­ ÀÏÀ» Çß´ø ¿¬ÇÕ±º Æ÷·ÎÀÇ Áø¼úµµ ±×³àÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»¿¡¼­ FBI¿¡°Ô Çß´ø Áø¼ú°ú ¹ýÁ¤ ±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ±×³à´Â ¸î ¸î ¹æ¼Û¿¡ ÀÌÁß Àǹ̸¦ Áý¾î³Ö¾î ¼±Àü¼±µ¿À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ±× ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ È¿À²À» ³·Ãß·Á ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

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Mrs. D'Aquino was convicted on a single count of treason, relating to a broadcast she was alleged to have made to American servicemen in October 1944, referring to the loss of their ships. According to prosecution testimony, she said: "Orphans of the Pacific, you really are orphans now. How will you get home now that all your ships are lost?"

µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀº ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¹Ý¿ªÁË Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇØ À¯ÁËÆÇ°áÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº 1944³â 10¿ù ¹Ì±¹ º´»çµé¿¡°Ô Çß´Ù´Â ¹æ¼ÛÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹è°¡ ¾ø¾îÁ³À½À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °Ë»çÃø Áõ¾ð¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×³à´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»À» Çß´Ù. "ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ °í¾ÆµéÀÌ¿©, ´ç½ÅµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤¸»·Î °í¾Æ°¡ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¹è°¡ ħ¸ôÇߴµ¥ ¾î¶»°Ô Áý¿¡ µ¹¾Æ°¡½Ã°Ú½À´Ï±î?"

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After serving her sentence at the federal penitentiary for women in Alderson, W. Va., Mrs. D'Aquino fought government efforts to deport her. She ran an Asian grocery store and gift shop on Chicago's North Side that family members had opened after their release from a wartime internment camp in Arizona. Her husband returned to Japan after her trial, and she never saw him again. President Ford pardoned Mrs. D'Aquino after she had appealed to him in writing. The decision was supported by a unanimous vote of the California state legislature, the national Japanese-American Citizens League, and S.I. Hayakawa, then a United States Senator-elect from California.

¿þ½ºÆ® ¹öÁö´Ï¾Æ ¾Ë´õ½¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿¬¹æ ¿©¼º °¨¿Á¿¡¼­ ±×³àÀÇ Çü±â¸¦ ä¿î ÈÄ µå¾ÆÄû³ë ºÎÀÎÀº ±×³à¸¦ Ãß¹æÇÏ·Á´Â Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ¸Â¼­ ½Î¿ü´Ù. ±×³à´Â ±×³àÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀÌ ¾Æ¸®Á¶³ª Àü½Ã Áý´Ü¾ï·ù¿¡¼­ Ç®·Á³ª¿ÂµÚ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ½ÃÄ«°í ³ë¾² »çÀ̵åÀÇ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ÀâÈ­Á¡°ú ¼±¹°°¡°è¸¦ ¿î¿µÇß´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ ³²ÆíÀº ÀçÆÇÀÌ ³¡ÀÌ ³­ ÈÄ ÀϺ»À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¬´Âµ¥ ±×³à´Â ±×¸¦ ´Ù½Ã º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ Åº¿ø ÆíÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÀº Æ÷µå ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ±×³à¸¦ »ç¸éÇß´Ù. ±× °áÁ¤Àº ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ÀÇȸ, Àü±¹ ÀϺ»°è ¹Ì±¹½Ã¹Î ¿¬¸Í, ´ç½Ã ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø ´ç¼±ÀÚÀÎ S.I. ÇϾßÄ«¿Í¿¡ÀÇÇØ ¸¸ÀåÀÏÄ¡·Î ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

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"It is hard to believe," Mrs. D'Aquino said on receiving word of President Ford's action. "But I have always maintained my innocence ? this pardon is a measure of vindication."

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